Missing data imputation
Demographics | Physical health | Hearing | Cognition | Mobility and balance | Quality of life | Mental health | Social participation and support | Views on hearing loss |
Background
Why impute missing data?
Logistic regression and other statistical methods require complete cases. In our case, with 40+ variables of interest, dropping participants with any missing values leads to a sample size of 200+ cases instead of 500+. There is loss of power, and estimates from models will likely be biased. The goal of missing data imputation is to restore variance of the sample to make it better reflect characteristics of the population (i.e., give accurate estimates of standard errors, CI’s, and p-values).
MICE procedure
Say there are three variables ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘C’, each with some missing values. Choose variable ‘A’ to start filling in. Fill in missing values in ‘B’ and ‘C’ with temporary values, such as the mean.
Predict missing ‘A’, using A ~ B + C, including a random component. Move on to predicting missing ‘B’, using B ~ A + C and including predicted ‘A’, again including a random component. Move on to predicting missing ‘C’, using C ~ A + B and predicted ‘B’. This is one cycle.
Choose the number of cycles, say 10 iterations. At the end of 10 iterations, an “imputed” dataset is formed with complete cases. Choose the number of imputed datasets to form (the same analysis will be conducted on each slightly different dataset, and the results will be pooled). Choose which variables should be used as predictors of other variables. Choose which method to use for predicting missing values, e.g., predictive mean matching. For derived variables such as summed scores, consider whether to impute components first and then calculate derived scores, or impute derived scores. Consider whether there should be an order of which variables to start imputing first.
Check whether the imputed data “converge” (the means and SEs stabilize after a few iterations, and are similar across imputed datasets). Check the distributions and characteristics of imputed data (e.g. integer-only values, floors and ceilings, plausibility), and their similarity to observed data.
1. Pre-imputation work
(i) Evaluate missingness
Variables of interest
Demographics: Age, Gender, Work, Volunteer, Live alonePhysical health: Rating, Multimorbidity score, Subjective vision (loss, rating aided), Subjective hearing (loss, rating aided, rating unaided)
Hearing health: Hearing device use, Hearing device type, Tinnitus past 7 days, 15i-SSQ mean score, SIM mean score, EmoCheQ mean score, HHIE-S total score, BPTA4
Cognitive health: Subjective cognitive impairment, CSRQ mean score
Mobility and balance: Mobility aid, ABC mean score
Quality of life: SWLS mean score, WHO overall QoL, WHO health QoL, WHO money, WHO four domains
Mental health: PHQ mean score
Social factors: Loneliness, Social Network Index, Social Participation Frequency, Social Participation Types, Social Support MOS mean score
Views: Connections total correct score, Motivations mean score
% Missing data within participants
##
## The decimal point is at the |
##
## 0 | 00004444444444444444444444444444444444444999999999999999999999999999+193
## 2 | 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222277777777777777777777777777+16
## 4 | 000044444999993333333888888888888
## 6 | 222222222222222666666666666666666111111111111111111155555555555
## 8 | 0000000004444888833337777
## 10 | 221199
## 12 | 488
## 14 | 2055
## 16 | 47
## 18 | 65
## 20 |
## 22 | 5
## 24 | 2
## 26 |
## 28 |
## 30 |
## 32 |
## 34 |
## 36 |
## 38 |
## 40 |
## 42 | 9
## 44 |
## 46 |
## 48 |
## 50 |
## 52 |
## 54 |
## 56 |
## 58 |
## 60 | 6
## 62 |
## 64 | 6
## 66 | 87
## 68 |
## 70 | 8827
## 72 | 6
## 74 | 337
## 76 | 0
## 78 |
## 80 | 5
## 82 |
## 84 |
## 86 |
## 88 |
## 90 | 6
## 92 |
## 94 |
## 96 |
## 98 | 66Missing data patterns
Participants with <26% missing data (n=509): 
Participants with >42% missing data (n=18): 
(ii) Data cleaning
Rules
- For “single-item” variables (e.g. loneliness): NA’s are left as
is.
- For co-morbidity checklist: All responses other than “yes” (NA’s,
No, Don’t know) are treated as “no”.
- For composite variables: If a participant has “NA” for all items,
the composite score is also “NA”.
- WHOQOL-BREF: Follow their protocol for NA’s.
- For SIM, EmoCheQ, CSRQ, PHQ4, Views on motivations: Impute case
mean.
- For 15i-SSQ: Impute case mean within subscale.
- For HHIES: Impute case mode within subscale.
- For ABC: Recode NA’s to 0 (single participant).
- For Social Network Index: Recode NA’s to “never”.
- For Social Participation: Recode NA’s to “never”.
- For Social Support: Recode NA’s to “none”.
- For Views (Connections): Drop foil item; only correct items
credited.
- For Views (Motivations): Impute mean.
(iii) Evaluate missingness again
% Missing data within participants
##
## The decimal point is at the |
##
## 0 | 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000+151
## 2 | 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222+51
## 4 | 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
## 6 | 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
## 8 | 999999999999999999999999999
## 10 | 11111111111
## 12 | 33333
## 14 |
## 16 | 88
## 18 |
## 20 |
## 22 |
## 24 |
## 26 |
## 28 |
## 30 |
## 32 |
## 34 |
## 36 |
## 38 |
## 40 | 0
## 42 |
## 44 |
## 46 |
## 48 | 9
## 50 | 11
## 52 | 3
## 54 |
## 56 | 8888
## 58 |
## 60 | 000
## 62 |
## 64 | 4
## 66 |
## 68 | 9
## 70 | 1
## 72 |
## 74 | 6
## 76 |
## 78 |
## 80 |
## 82 |
## 84 |
## 86 |
## 88 |
## 90 | 11Missing data patterns
Participants with <20% missing data (n=509):
## # A tibble: 45 × 3
## variable n_miss pct_miss
## <chr> <int> <num>
## 1 Gender_bin 0 0
## 2 Age 2 0.393
## 3 Retired_bin 0 0
## 4 Volunteer 0 0
## 5 Lives_alone_bin 0 0
## 6 Phys_health_rating 7 1.38
## 7 Multimorbidity_score 0 0
## 8 Subj_vision_loss_bin 18 3.54
## 9 Subj_vision_rating_aided 1 0.196
## 10 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 36 7.07
## 11 any_hearing_device 0 0
## 12 study2_HA 0 0
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_aided_REV 159 31.2
## 14 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 8 1.57
## 15 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin 0 0
## 16 ssq_speech_REV 46 9.04
## 17 ssq_spatial_REV 51 10.0
## 18 ssq_qualities_REV 3 0.589
## 19 SIM_mean 12 2.36
## 20 Emocheq_mean 8 1.57
## 21 hhies_emo_total 0 0
## 22 hhies_soc_total 0 0
## 23 positive_SCI_bin 0 0
## 24 CSRQ_mean 0 0
## 25 Mobility_needs_bin 0 0
## 26 ABC_mean 0 0
## 27 SWLS_mean 0 0
## 28 WHOQOL_overall_qol 0 0
## 29 WHOQOL_health_qol 0 0
## 30 WHOQOL_Dom1_phys 0 0
## 31 WHOQOL_Dom2_psy 0 0
## 32 WHOQOL_Dom3_soc 1 0.196
## 33 WHOQOL_Dom4_env 0 0
## 34 WHO_money 0 0
## 35 PHQ4_mean 1 0.196
## 36 Lonely_bin 1 0.196
## 37 Social_network_index 1 0.196
## 38 Soc_part_freq 1 0.196
## 39 Soc_part_types 1 0.196
## 40 Socsupp_mean 5 0.982
## 41 Connections_total 9 1.77
## 42 Motivate_mean 5 0.982
## 43 study1_HA_bin 78 15.3
## 44 PTA4_better_ear 73 14.3
## 45 PTA4_asym 74 14.5Participants with >39%% missing data (n=18):
## # A tibble: 45 × 3
## variable n_miss pct_miss
## <chr> <int> <num>
## 1 Gender_bin 2 11.1
## 2 Age 3 16.7
## 3 Retired_bin 2 11.1
## 4 Volunteer 2 11.1
## 5 Lives_alone_bin 2 11.1
## 6 Phys_health_rating 4 22.2
## 7 Multimorbidity_score 0 0
## 8 Subj_vision_loss_bin 4 22.2
## 9 Subj_vision_rating_aided 4 22.2
## 10 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 5 27.8
## 11 any_hearing_device 0 0
## 12 study2_HA 0 0
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_aided_REV 10 55.6
## 14 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 5 27.8
## 15 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin 0 0
## 16 ssq_speech_REV 15 83.3
## 17 ssq_spatial_REV 13 72.2
## 18 ssq_qualities_REV 8 44.4
## 19 SIM_mean 13 72.2
## 20 Emocheq_mean 13 72.2
## 21 hhies_emo_total 15 83.3
## 22 hhies_soc_total 15 83.3
## 23 positive_SCI_bin 15 83.3
## 24 CSRQ_mean 17 94.4
## 25 Mobility_needs_bin 17 94.4
## 26 ABC_mean 17 94.4
## 27 SWLS_mean 17 94.4
## 28 WHOQOL_overall_qol 18 100
## 29 WHOQOL_health_qol 18 100
## 30 WHOQOL_Dom1_phys 18 100
## 31 WHOQOL_Dom2_psy 18 100
## 32 WHOQOL_Dom3_soc 18 100
## 33 WHOQOL_Dom4_env 18 100
## 34 WHO_money 18 100
## 35 PHQ4_mean 18 100
## 36 Lonely_bin 18 100
## 37 Social_network_index 18 100
## 38 Soc_part_freq 18 100
## 39 Soc_part_types 18 100
## 40 Socsupp_mean 18 100
## 41 Connections_total 18 100
## 42 Motivate_mean 18 100
## 43 study1_HA_bin 5 27.8
## 44 PTA4_better_ear 5 27.8
## 45 PTA4_asym 5 27.8(iv) Justify discarding/retaining participants
Drop 2 cases that are fully missing
## Progress Duration.in.seconds Finished
## 458 0 217 0
## 467 1 540 0## # A tibble: 45 × 3
## variable n_miss pct_miss
## <chr> <int> <num>
## 1 Gender_bin 2 100
## 2 Age 2 100
## 3 Retired_bin 2 100
## 4 Volunteer 2 100
## 5 Lives_alone_bin 2 100
## 6 Phys_health_rating 2 100
## 7 Multimorbidity_score 0 0
## 8 Subj_vision_loss_bin 2 100
## 9 Subj_vision_rating_aided 2 100
## 10 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 2 100
## 11 any_hearing_device 0 0
## 12 study2_HA 0 0
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_aided_REV 2 100
## 14 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 2 100
## 15 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin 0 0
## 16 ssq_speech_REV 2 100
## 17 ssq_spatial_REV 2 100
## 18 ssq_qualities_REV 2 100
## 19 SIM_mean 2 100
## 20 Emocheq_mean 2 100
## 21 hhies_emo_total 2 100
## 22 hhies_soc_total 2 100
## 23 positive_SCI_bin 2 100
## 24 CSRQ_mean 2 100
## 25 Mobility_needs_bin 2 100
## 26 ABC_mean 2 100
## 27 SWLS_mean 2 100
## 28 WHOQOL_overall_qol 2 100
## 29 WHOQOL_health_qol 2 100
## 30 WHOQOL_Dom1_phys 2 100
## 31 WHOQOL_Dom2_psy 2 100
## 32 WHOQOL_Dom3_soc 2 100
## 33 WHOQOL_Dom4_env 2 100
## 34 WHO_money 2 100
## 35 PHQ4_mean 2 100
## 36 Lonely_bin 2 100
## 37 Social_network_index 2 100
## 38 Soc_part_freq 2 100
## 39 Soc_part_types 2 100
## 40 Socsupp_mean 2 100
## 41 Connections_total 2 100
## 42 Motivate_mean 2 100
## 43 study1_HA_bin 2 100
## 44 PTA4_better_ear 2 100
## 45 PTA4_asym 2 100Retain 16 that mostly have age, audiogram, earlier measures
## Progress Duration.in.seconds Finished
## 45 58 413 0
## 77 19 247 0
## 136 58 308782 0
## 153 30 449 0
## 166 52 185 0
## 176 53 1693 0
## 187 53 518035 0
## 192 45 504174 0
## 228 13 96 0
## 246 64 1719 0
## 318 55 466 0
## 364 55 988 0
## 405 55 650 0
## 483 45 731 0
## 520 64 6724 0
## 522 70 2376 0## # A tibble: 45 × 3
## variable n_miss pct_miss
## <chr> <int> <num>
## 1 Gender_bin 0 0
## 2 Age 1 6.25
## 3 Retired_bin 0 0
## 4 Volunteer 0 0
## 5 Lives_alone_bin 0 0
## 6 Phys_health_rating 2 12.5
## 7 Multimorbidity_score 0 0
## 8 Subj_vision_loss_bin 2 12.5
## 9 Subj_vision_rating_aided 2 12.5
## 10 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 3 18.8
## 11 any_hearing_device 0 0
## 12 study2_HA 0 0
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_aided_REV 8 50
## 14 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 3 18.8
## 15 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin 0 0
## 16 ssq_speech_REV 13 81.2
## 17 ssq_spatial_REV 11 68.8
## 18 ssq_qualities_REV 6 37.5
## 19 SIM_mean 11 68.8
## 20 Emocheq_mean 11 68.8
## 21 hhies_emo_total 13 81.2
## 22 hhies_soc_total 13 81.2
## 23 positive_SCI_bin 13 81.2
## 24 CSRQ_mean 15 93.8
## 25 Mobility_needs_bin 15 93.8
## 26 ABC_mean 15 93.8
## 27 SWLS_mean 15 93.8
## 28 WHOQOL_overall_qol 16 100
## 29 WHOQOL_health_qol 16 100
## 30 WHOQOL_Dom1_phys 16 100
## 31 WHOQOL_Dom2_psy 16 100
## 32 WHOQOL_Dom3_soc 16 100
## 33 WHOQOL_Dom4_env 16 100
## 34 WHO_money 16 100
## 35 PHQ4_mean 16 100
## 36 Lonely_bin 16 100
## 37 Social_network_index 16 100
## 38 Soc_part_freq 16 100
## 39 Soc_part_types 16 100
## 40 Socsupp_mean 16 100
## 41 Connections_total 16 100
## 42 Motivate_mean 16 100
## 43 study1_HA_bin 3 18.8
## 44 PTA4_better_ear 3 18.8
## 45 PTA4_asym 3 18.8(v) Variable relationships
Correlations heatmap: Hearing
Correlations heatmap: Physical health
Simple correlations using quickpred( )
PCA
2. Imputation using MICE
Current method
- Use predictors that correlate 0.5 or better to impute missing data
in a variable (30 variables); if no such predictors, adjust threshold to
0.4 (3 variables), then 0.3, then 0.2 (2 variables)
- Eight variables are complete and do not require imputing; 2
variables have no predictors that correlate at least r = 0.2
(Subj_vision_loss_bin, Connections_total)
- MICE procedure: total of 5 imputed datasets, with a maximum of 10 iterations per dataset, using predictive means matching to impute missing values
3. Predicting hearing aid adoption
Complete cases vs. imputed data
Note: All participants together; not filtered by hearing aid candidacy.
Regression output (complete cases, n=346)
Non-hearing aid users = 267
Hearing aid users = 79 (22.8%)
Note: Dropped Subj_hearing_rating_aided_REV & SWLS_mean due to VIF
> 5
## Term Estimate StdError z p
## 1 (Intercept) -25.7312 891.4654 -0.0289 0.9770
## 2 Gender_bin 0.4000 0.4467 0.8955 0.3705
## 3 Age -0.0165 0.0342 -0.4814 0.6302
## 4 Retired_bin -0.0596 0.4964 -0.1201 0.9044
## 5 Volunteer_rec 0.4624 0.2716 1.7024 0.0887
## 6 Lives_alone_bin -0.5461 0.5286 -1.0330 0.3016
## 7 Phys_health_rating 0.0310 0.3634 0.0853 0.9320
## 8 Multimorbidity_score -0.0108 0.1182 -0.0910 0.9275
## 9 Mobility_needs_bin -0.5800 1.0856 -0.5343 0.5931
## 10 ABC_mean -0.0370 0.0259 -1.4282 0.1532
## 11 Subj_vision_rating_aided 0.0890 0.2856 0.3115 0.7554
## 12 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 17.2001 891.4516 0.0193 0.9846
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 1.0597 0.3721 2.8480 0.0044
## 14 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin 0.1342 0.4020 0.3338 0.7385
## 15 PTA4_better_ear 0.1174 0.0270 4.3426 0.0000
## 16 PTA4_asym 0.0416 0.0149 2.7870 0.0053
## 17 SSQ15i_mean_REV -0.6552 0.1774 -3.6940 0.0002
## 18 Emocheq_mean -0.0197 0.2740 -0.0720 0.9426
## 19 HHIES_total 0.0670 0.0379 1.7693 0.0768
## 20 SIM_mean -0.1269 0.1144 -1.1096 0.2672
## 21 positive_SCI_bin 0.7746 0.6598 1.1740 0.2404
## 22 CSRQ_mean -0.3160 0.6071 -0.5206 0.6027
## 23 PHQ4_mean 0.8625 0.5201 1.6584 0.0972
## 24 WHOQOL_overall_qol -0.1229 0.4447 -0.2763 0.7823
## 25 WHOQOL_health_qol 0.3673 0.3176 1.1566 0.2475
## 26 WHO_money 0.7726 0.2703 2.8586 0.0043
## 27 Socsupp_mean 0.2204 0.2912 0.7568 0.4492
## 28 Social_network_index -0.0653 0.1707 -0.3822 0.7023
## 29 Soc_part_freq -0.2192 0.3537 -0.6197 0.5354
## 30 Soc_part_types 0.0304 0.1549 0.1961 0.8445
## 31 Lonely_bin -0.1083 0.6625 -0.1635 0.8702
## 32 Motivate_mean 0.2727 0.2282 1.1952 0.2320
## OddsRatio CIlower CIupper
## 1 0.000 0.000 Inf
## 2 1.492 0.622 3.580
## 3 0.984 0.920 1.052
## 4 0.942 0.356 2.493
## 5 1.588 0.932 2.704
## 6 0.579 0.206 1.632
## 7 1.031 0.506 2.103
## 8 0.989 0.785 1.247
## 9 0.560 0.067 4.700
## 10 0.964 0.916 1.014
## 11 1.093 0.624 1.913
## 12 29505072.258 0.000 Inf
## 13 2.885 1.392 5.983
## 14 1.144 0.520 2.515
## 15 1.125 1.067 1.186
## 16 1.042 1.012 1.073
## 17 0.519 0.367 0.735
## 18 0.980 0.573 1.678
## 19 1.069 0.993 1.152
## 20 0.881 0.704 1.102
## 21 2.170 0.595 7.908
## 22 0.729 0.222 2.396
## 23 2.369 0.855 6.566
## 24 0.884 0.370 2.114
## 25 1.444 0.775 2.690
## 26 2.165 1.275 3.678
## 27 1.247 0.704 2.206
## 28 0.937 0.670 1.309
## 29 0.803 0.402 1.606
## 30 1.031 0.761 1.396
## 31 0.897 0.245 3.288
## 32 1.314 0.840 2.054Regression output (imputed data, n=525)
## Term Estimate StdError t df p
## 1 (Intercept) -0.6892 0.3364 -2.0486 460.9204 0.0411
## 2 Gender_bin 0.0566 0.0361 1.5667 473.5129 0.1179
## 3 Age 0.0025 0.0025 0.9961 480.4470 0.3197
## 4 Retired_bin -0.0280 0.0369 -0.7587 461.8855 0.4484
## 5 Volunteer_rec 0.0420 0.0207 2.0312 435.0327 0.0428
## 6 Lives_alone_bin -0.0316 0.0416 -0.7581 468.0653 0.4488
## 7 Phys_health_rating 0.0009 0.0272 0.0331 304.4215 0.9736
## 8 Multimorbidity_score 0.0041 0.0078 0.5319 416.5647 0.5951
## 9 Mobility_needs_bin -0.0318 0.0877 -0.3629 188.7922 0.7171
## 10 ABC_mean -0.0036 0.0017 -2.1364 260.7353 0.0336
## 11 Subj_vision_rating_aided 0.0108 0.0233 0.4656 455.2798 0.6417
## 12 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 0.0861 0.0494 1.7407 432.6004 0.0824
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 0.1014 0.0262 3.8695 242.1077 0.0001
## 14 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin -0.0496 0.0348 -1.4259 468.8778 0.1546
## 15 PTA4_better_ear 0.0085 0.0022 3.9300 181.0723 0.0001
## 16 PTA4_asym 0.0032 0.0017 1.8628 33.2500 0.0713
## 17 SSQ15i_mean_REV -0.0715 0.0132 -5.3952 455.4317 0.0000
## 18 Emocheq_mean -0.0061 0.0213 -0.2883 443.8732 0.7732
## 19 HHIES_total 0.0059 0.0029 2.0191 370.8921 0.0442
## 20 SIM_mean -0.0018 0.0081 -0.2200 458.8952 0.8260
## 21 positive_SCI_bin 0.0504 0.0567 0.8879 447.8566 0.3751
## 22 CSRQ_mean -0.0475 0.0493 -0.9648 379.0969 0.3352
## 23 PHQ4_mean 0.1179 0.0439 2.6843 126.2077 0.0082
## 24 WHOQOL_overall_qol 0.0319 0.0347 0.9198 201.4749 0.3588
## 25 WHOQOL_health_qol 0.0236 0.0230 1.0243 382.2688 0.3064
## 26 WHO_money 0.0349 0.0192 1.8188 344.9255 0.0698
## 27 Socsupp_mean 0.0094 0.0257 0.3644 81.4921 0.7165
## 28 Social_network_index -0.0040 0.0138 -0.2878 476.1837 0.7736
## 29 Soc_part_freq 0.0044 0.0283 0.1558 226.3599 0.8764
## 30 Soc_part_types -0.0033 0.0126 -0.2573 441.0679 0.7971
## 31 Lonely_bin -0.0120 0.0480 -0.2496 333.9326 0.8030
## 32 Motivate_mean 0.0221 0.0204 1.0824 277.6586 0.2800
## OddsRatio CIlower CIupper
## 1 0.5020 0.2596 0.9706
## 2 1.0582 0.9859 1.1358
## 3 1.0025 0.9976 1.0074
## 4 0.9724 0.9045 1.0453
## 5 1.0429 1.0014 1.0861
## 6 0.9689 0.8930 1.0512
## 7 1.0009 0.9489 1.0557
## 8 1.0041 0.9889 1.0196
## 9 0.9687 0.8157 1.1504
## 10 0.9964 0.9931 0.9997
## 11 1.0109 0.9657 1.0581
## 12 1.0899 0.9893 1.2007
## 13 1.1067 1.0513 1.1650
## 14 0.9516 0.8889 1.0188
## 15 1.0085 1.0042 1.0129
## 16 1.0032 0.9999 1.0066
## 17 0.9310 0.9072 0.9554
## 18 0.9939 0.9533 1.0363
## 19 1.0059 1.0002 1.0117
## 20 0.9982 0.9825 1.0142
## 21 1.0517 0.9411 1.1753
## 22 0.9536 0.8658 1.0504
## 23 1.1251 1.0324 1.2262
## 24 1.0324 0.9645 1.1051
## 25 1.0239 0.9787 1.0711
## 26 1.0355 0.9973 1.0752
## 27 1.0094 0.9599 1.0616
## 28 0.9960 0.9694 1.0233
## 29 1.0044 0.9502 1.0617
## 30 0.9967 0.9724 1.0216
## 31 0.9881 0.8994 1.0855
## 32 1.0223 0.9823 1.0641
Grouping by HHIE-S status
How many people in each category of the HHIE-S obtained hearing aids?
Counts
0-8 no handicap, 10-24 mild to moderate, 26-40 severe
## HHIES
## UseHA None MildMod Sev <NA>
## 0 233 148 30 11
## 1 26 62 13 2
## <NA> 0 0 0 0## [1] 0.100 0.295 0.302 0.154Regression output (imputed data)
## Term Estimate StdError t df p
## 1 (Intercept) 0.1414 0.4471 0.3163 219.0514 0.7521
## 2 Gender_bin -0.0344 0.0428 -0.8049 216.9542 0.4218
## 3 Age 0.0000 0.0029 0.0026 186.6045 0.9979
## 4 Retired_bin -0.0235 0.0417 -0.5626 212.3524 0.5743
## 5 Volunteer_rec 0.0280 0.0230 1.2210 223.2653 0.2234
## 6 Lives_alone_bin 0.0331 0.0463 0.7152 217.9122 0.4753
## 7 Phys_health_rating -0.0251 0.0314 -0.8016 214.1236 0.4237
## 8 Multimorbidity_score 0.0103 0.0112 0.9263 219.6580 0.3553
## 9 Mobility_needs_bin 0.0172 0.1131 0.1525 222.7148 0.8789
## 10 ABC_mean -0.0016 0.0026 -0.6052 222.9072 0.5456
## 11 Subj_vision_rating_aided -0.0226 0.0284 -0.7952 213.6211 0.4274
## 12 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 0.0815 0.0512 1.5903 197.0459 0.1134
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 0.0485 0.0289 1.6767 216.4654 0.0950
## 14 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin -0.0541 0.0427 -1.2660 217.8731 0.2069
## 15 PTA4_better_ear 0.0100 0.0031 3.2293 42.2101 0.0024
## 16 PTA4_asym 0.0045 0.0030 1.4719 106.5460 0.1440
## 17 SSQ15i_mean_REV -0.0546 0.0200 -2.7325 152.4765 0.0070
## 18 Emocheq_mean -0.0020 0.0288 -0.0683 222.5311 0.9456
## 19 HHIES_total 0.0060 0.0075 0.7942 211.3741 0.4280
## 20 SIM_mean 0.0022 0.0094 0.2352 214.5417 0.8142
## 21 positive_SCI_bin 0.1184 0.1042 1.1361 202.6152 0.2573
## 22 CSRQ_mean -0.0473 0.0541 -0.8742 219.2400 0.3830
## 23 PHQ4_mean 0.0531 0.0507 1.0490 221.1404 0.2953
## 24 WHOQOL_overall_qol -0.0121 0.0385 -0.3142 216.5789 0.7537
## 25 WHOQOL_health_qol -0.0041 0.0266 -0.1558 221.9134 0.8763
## 26 WHO_money 0.0446 0.0240 1.8571 202.5048 0.0647
## 27 Socsupp_mean 0.0151 0.0289 0.5229 217.5209 0.6016
## 28 Social_network_index -0.0106 0.0153 -0.6895 223.6691 0.4912
## 29 Soc_part_freq -0.0151 0.0337 -0.4484 212.9190 0.6543
## 30 Soc_part_types -0.0027 0.0141 -0.1887 219.2564 0.8505
## 31 Lonely_bin -0.0499 0.0612 -0.8151 190.1325 0.4160
## 32 Motivate_mean -0.0159 0.0238 -0.6668 210.1943 0.5056
## OddsRatio CIlower CIupper
## 1 1.1519 0.4795 2.7669
## 2 0.9662 0.8884 1.0507
## 3 1.0000 0.9943 1.0057
## 4 0.9768 0.9001 1.0600
## 5 1.0284 0.9831 1.0758
## 6 1.0337 0.9440 1.1318
## 7 0.9752 0.9170 1.0371
## 8 1.0104 0.9884 1.0328
## 9 1.0173 0.8151 1.2698
## 10 0.9984 0.9933 1.0035
## 11 0.9777 0.9247 1.0336
## 12 1.0849 0.9813 1.1994
## 13 1.0497 0.9919 1.1109
## 14 0.9473 0.8713 1.0300
## 15 1.0101 1.0039 1.0162
## 16 1.0045 0.9986 1.0104
## 17 0.9469 0.9105 0.9847
## 18 0.9980 0.9432 1.0560
## 19 1.0060 0.9913 1.0209
## 20 1.0022 0.9839 1.0208
## 21 1.1257 0.9177 1.3808
## 22 0.9538 0.8578 1.0605
## 23 1.0545 0.9548 1.1647
## 24 0.9880 0.9162 1.0654
## 25 0.9959 0.9453 1.0492
## 26 1.0456 0.9976 1.0960
## 27 1.0152 0.9593 1.0744
## 28 0.9895 0.9602 1.0196
## 29 0.9850 0.9221 1.0523
## 30 0.9973 0.9701 1.0252
## 31 0.9513 0.8438 1.0726
## 32 0.9842 0.9394 1.0312## Term Estimate StdError t df p
## 1 (Intercept) -1.4527 0.5686 -2.5549 151.3417 0.0116
## 2 Gender_bin 0.1186 0.0639 1.8564 207.0540 0.0648
## 3 Age 0.0049 0.0043 1.1481 216.1807 0.2522
## 4 Retired_bin -0.0450 0.0667 -0.6748 188.3779 0.5006
## 5 Volunteer_rec 0.0414 0.0376 1.1024 187.1915 0.2717
## 6 Lives_alone_bin -0.1298 0.0758 -1.7137 218.8719 0.0880
## 7 Phys_health_rating 0.0250 0.0462 0.5421 203.1558 0.5883
## 8 Multimorbidity_score -0.0003 0.0114 -0.0276 187.0519 0.9780
## 9 Mobility_needs_bin -0.0097 0.1401 -0.0695 62.4411 0.9448
## 10 ABC_mean -0.0049 0.0024 -2.0043 99.3599 0.0478
## 11 Subj_vision_rating_aided 0.0396 0.0377 1.0502 217.9424 0.2948
## 12 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 0.0801 0.1155 0.6934 103.2669 0.4896
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 0.1498 0.0459 3.2631 181.2981 0.0013
## 14 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin -0.0321 0.0562 -0.5703 200.6972 0.5691
## 15 PTA4_better_ear 0.0096 0.0034 2.7716 87.0074 0.0068
## 16 PTA4_asym 0.0030 0.0020 1.4963 115.9966 0.1373
## 17 SSQ15i_mean_REV -0.0763 0.0196 -3.8923 211.1068 0.0001
## 18 Emocheq_mean 0.0087 0.0327 0.2671 215.0468 0.7896
## 19 HHIES_total 0.0024 0.0052 0.4523 196.3258 0.6516
## 20 SIM_mean -0.0173 0.0137 -1.2627 216.8209 0.2081
## 21 positive_SCI_bin 0.0818 0.0820 0.9978 213.3536 0.3195
## 22 CSRQ_mean -0.0176 0.0909 -0.1937 188.1397 0.8466
## 23 PHQ4_mean 0.1322 0.0730 1.8126 73.8003 0.0740
## 24 WHOQOL_overall_qol 0.0705 0.0603 1.1676 164.4293 0.2447
## 25 WHOQOL_health_qol 0.0343 0.0403 0.8515 200.7103 0.3955
## 26 WHO_money 0.0275 0.0298 0.9209 217.8373 0.3581
## 27 Socsupp_mean -0.0122 0.0399 -0.3057 183.4524 0.7602
## 28 Social_network_index 0.0036 0.0243 0.1481 209.4439 0.8824
## 29 Soc_part_freq 0.0239 0.0446 0.5364 214.4728 0.5922
## 30 Soc_part_types -0.0054 0.0237 -0.2281 165.2502 0.8199
## 31 Lonely_bin 0.0321 0.0803 0.3997 154.4245 0.6899
## 32 Motivate_mean 0.0727 0.0360 2.0210 186.6130 0.0447
## OddsRatio CIlower CIupper
## 1 0.2339 0.0768 0.7130
## 2 1.1259 0.9934 1.2761
## 3 1.0049 0.9965 1.0134
## 4 0.9560 0.8388 1.0895
## 5 1.0423 0.9682 1.1220
## 6 0.8783 0.7570 1.0189
## 7 1.0253 0.9366 1.1225
## 8 0.9997 0.9776 1.0223
## 9 0.9903 0.7525 1.3033
## 10 0.9951 0.9904 0.9998
## 11 1.0404 0.9663 1.1202
## 12 1.0834 0.8639 1.3586
## 13 1.1616 1.0617 1.2709
## 14 0.9684 0.8674 1.0812
## 15 1.0096 1.0029 1.0164
## 16 1.0030 0.9991 1.0069
## 17 0.9265 0.8916 0.9628
## 18 1.0087 0.9461 1.0755
## 19 1.0024 0.9922 1.0127
## 20 0.9828 0.9568 1.0096
## 21 1.0852 0.9241 1.2745
## 22 0.9826 0.8222 1.1742
## 23 1.1413 0.9892 1.3169
## 24 1.0730 0.9534 1.2077
## 25 1.0349 0.9563 1.1200
## 26 1.0279 0.9696 1.0897
## 27 0.9879 0.9136 1.0682
## 28 1.0036 0.9569 1.0526
## 29 1.0242 0.9385 1.1177
## 30 0.9946 0.9495 1.0419
## 31 1.0326 0.8822 1.2086
## 32 1.0754 1.0021 1.1540
Grouping by vision status
How many people reported subjective vision loss?Counts
##
## 0 1 <NA>
## 215 290 20Regression output (imputed data)
## Term Estimate StdError t df p
## 1 (Intercept) -0.4082 0.5574 -0.7322 166.3283 0.4651
## 2 Gender_bin 0.0228 0.0510 0.4474 174.8100 0.6552
## 3 Age -0.0007 0.0038 -0.1926 177.4804 0.8475
## 4 Retired_bin -0.0460 0.0539 -0.8543 178.1145 0.3941
## 5 Volunteer_rec 0.0699 0.0293 2.3835 176.0039 0.0182
## 6 Lives_alone_bin -0.1196 0.0631 -1.8951 168.2840 0.0598
## 7 Phys_health_rating -0.0280 0.0414 -0.6760 124.8497 0.5003
## 8 Multimorbidity_score 0.0174 0.0140 1.2452 175.9168 0.2147
## 9 Mobility_needs_bin -0.0775 0.1320 -0.5872 180.4172 0.5578
## 10 ABC_mean -0.0042 0.0034 -1.2598 160.0272 0.2096
## 11 Subj_vision_rating_aided 0.0038 0.0372 0.1027 153.4730 0.9183
## 12 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 0.0976 0.0705 1.3851 180.3771 0.1677
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 0.0298 0.0379 0.7868 176.2117 0.4324
## 14 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin -0.0340 0.0547 -0.6217 174.9729 0.5350
## 15 PTA4_better_ear 0.0093 0.0032 2.9034 92.4663 0.0046
## 16 PTA4_asym 0.0042 0.0026 1.6514 35.4813 0.1075
## 17 SSQ15i_mean_REV -0.0517 0.0206 -2.5112 173.6207 0.0129
## 18 Emocheq_mean 0.0034 0.0337 0.1011 157.1833 0.9196
## 19 HHIES_total 0.0080 0.0047 1.7100 158.7930 0.0892
## 20 SIM_mean 0.0049 0.0117 0.4155 175.3107 0.6783
## 21 positive_SCI_bin -0.0890 0.0962 -0.9251 166.9639 0.3562
## 22 CSRQ_mean -0.0480 0.0723 -0.6630 168.8315 0.5082
## 23 PHQ4_mean 0.1010 0.0720 1.4030 176.3149 0.1624
## 24 WHOQOL_overall_qol 0.0139 0.0508 0.2728 178.7722 0.7853
## 25 WHOQOL_health_qol 0.0572 0.0359 1.5935 156.2610 0.1131
## 26 WHO_money 0.0266 0.0273 0.9737 176.5251 0.3315
## 27 Socsupp_mean 0.0353 0.0336 1.0491 176.2040 0.2956
## 28 Social_network_index 0.0037 0.0199 0.1852 169.4622 0.8533
## 29 Soc_part_freq 0.0715 0.0434 1.6496 160.6993 0.1010
## 30 Soc_part_types -0.0160 0.0190 -0.8434 169.9261 0.4002
## 31 Lonely_bin -0.0069 0.0746 -0.0926 158.9387 0.9263
## 32 Motivate_mean -0.0029 0.0294 -0.0997 177.6763 0.9207
## OddsRatio CIlower CIupper
## 1 0.6648 0.2230 1.9824
## 2 1.0231 0.9257 1.1306
## 3 0.9993 0.9919 1.0068
## 4 0.9550 0.8593 1.0615
## 5 1.0724 1.0126 1.1358
## 6 0.8873 0.7841 1.0041
## 7 0.9724 0.8966 1.0546
## 8 1.0176 0.9900 1.0459
## 9 0.9254 0.7145 1.1987
## 10 0.9958 0.9892 1.0025
## 11 1.0038 0.9332 1.0797
## 12 1.1025 0.9602 1.2659
## 13 1.0302 0.9565 1.1097
## 14 0.9666 0.8683 1.0760
## 15 1.0093 1.0030 1.0157
## 16 1.0042 0.9991 1.0093
## 17 0.9496 0.9120 0.9887
## 18 1.0034 0.9393 1.0719
## 19 1.0080 0.9988 1.0174
## 20 1.0049 0.9821 1.0282
## 21 0.9148 0.7576 1.1047
## 22 0.9531 0.8272 1.0982
## 23 1.1063 0.9607 1.2739
## 24 1.0140 0.9179 1.1202
## 25 1.0589 0.9869 1.1361
## 26 1.0270 0.9735 1.0834
## 27 1.0359 0.9699 1.1064
## 28 1.0037 0.9653 1.0436
## 29 1.0741 0.9865 1.1695
## 30 0.9841 0.9482 1.0215
## 31 0.9931 0.8580 1.1495
## 32 0.9971 0.9413 1.0562## Term Estimate StdError t df p
## 1 (Intercept) -1.4217 0.4664 -3.0482 194.8332 0.0026
## 2 Gender_bin 0.1133 0.0532 2.1317 252.7196 0.0340
## 3 Age 0.0069 0.0036 1.9254 226.8668 0.0554
## 4 Retired_bin -0.0480 0.0512 -0.9372 245.0692 0.3496
## 5 Volunteer_rec 0.0310 0.0305 1.0154 207.3458 0.3111
## 6 Lives_alone_bin 0.0565 0.0585 0.9648 249.8454 0.3356
## 7 Phys_health_rating 0.0256 0.0367 0.6986 224.3484 0.4855
## 8 Multimorbidity_score -0.0069 0.0096 -0.7215 245.0632 0.4713
## 9 Mobility_needs_bin 0.0050 0.1197 0.0417 88.1520 0.9669
## 10 ABC_mean -0.0029 0.0021 -1.4113 139.4491 0.1604
## 11 Subj_vision_rating_aided 0.0045 0.0320 0.1403 251.7594 0.8885
## 12 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 0.0618 0.0699 0.8850 204.3471 0.3772
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 0.1176 0.0358 3.2898 180.3862 0.0012
## 14 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin -0.0446 0.0474 -0.9423 242.7555 0.3470
## 15 PTA4_better_ear 0.0080 0.0031 2.5715 79.5767 0.0120
## 16 PTA4_asym 0.0021 0.0022 0.9402 48.1632 0.3518
## 17 SSQ15i_mean_REV -0.1044 0.0179 -5.8317 246.1120 0.0000
## 18 Emocheq_mean -0.0096 0.0284 -0.3382 227.5477 0.7355
## 19 HHIES_total 0.0090 0.0039 2.3190 172.8506 0.0216
## 20 SIM_mean -0.0093 0.0113 -0.8258 239.7753 0.4097
## 21 positive_SCI_bin 0.0937 0.0728 1.2859 237.3471 0.1997
## 22 CSRQ_mean 0.0506 0.0690 0.7336 223.8073 0.4640
## 23 PHQ4_mean 0.1421 0.0556 2.5546 74.7933 0.0127
## 24 WHOQOL_overall_qol 0.1074 0.0507 2.1196 92.8948 0.0367
## 25 WHOQOL_health_qol 0.0160 0.0320 0.4984 169.1646 0.6188
## 26 WHO_money 0.0266 0.0268 0.9934 194.1812 0.3217
## 27 Socsupp_mean -0.0138 0.0402 -0.3442 43.8202 0.7323
## 28 Social_network_index 0.0022 0.0197 0.1129 249.8556 0.9102
## 29 Soc_part_freq -0.0421 0.0388 -1.0846 175.9903 0.2796
## 30 Soc_part_types 0.0074 0.0185 0.4004 157.8330 0.6894
## 31 Lonely_bin -0.0514 0.0690 -0.7458 118.2796 0.4573
## 32 Motivate_mean 0.0301 0.0293 1.0288 146.3582 0.3053
## OddsRatio CIlower CIupper
## 1 0.2413 0.0967 0.6020
## 2 1.1200 1.0091 1.2431
## 3 1.0069 0.9998 1.0141
## 4 0.9531 0.8621 1.0537
## 5 1.0315 0.9716 1.0950
## 6 1.0581 0.9435 1.1867
## 7 1.0259 0.9547 1.1024
## 8 0.9931 0.9746 1.0120
## 9 1.0050 0.7948 1.2708
## 10 0.9971 0.9930 1.0012
## 11 1.0045 0.9434 1.0695
## 12 1.0637 0.9276 1.2199
## 13 1.1248 1.0486 1.2066
## 14 0.9564 0.8715 1.0495
## 15 1.0080 1.0019 1.0142
## 16 1.0021 0.9978 1.0064
## 17 0.9009 0.8698 0.9330
## 18 0.9904 0.9368 1.0471
## 19 1.0090 1.0014 1.0168
## 20 0.9907 0.9690 1.0129
## 21 1.0982 0.9522 1.2667
## 22 1.0519 0.9188 1.2042
## 23 1.1527 1.0337 1.2854
## 24 1.1134 1.0081 1.2297
## 25 1.0161 0.9544 1.0819
## 26 1.0270 0.9744 1.0823
## 27 0.9863 0.9116 1.0672
## 28 1.0022 0.9642 1.0417
## 29 0.9588 0.8886 1.0345
## 30 1.0074 0.9716 1.0446
## 31 0.9499 0.8297 1.0875
## 32 1.0306 0.9730 1.0915